materials space exploration

 Combinatorial thin-film synthesis and automated property characterization across hundreds of compositions in a single campaign. 

Campaign

How a campaign works.

A campaign replaces sequential material evaluation with a single, complete composition-property map. A first campaign can serve as a standalone initial study. Multi-round programs use earlier results to direct subsequent runs toward the most informative composition regions.

01
Define the space

Identify elements and composition ranges. We will scope the right sub-space and characterization targets together.

02
Deposition run

Up to 7 elements co-sputtered onto a 100 mm wafer in one run. 342 unique thin-film compositions. Real physical samples.

03
Automated characterization

Every composition point is measured for the relevant properties: phase, mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, optical, or magnetic.

04
Composition-property map

You receive a full dataset showing where the properties you need exist across the scanned composition space.

05
Iterate

Bayesian optimization uses results to direct the next campaign toward the most informative composition sub-spaces.

06
Validated candidates

Target compositions are produced as controlled uniform depositions for downstream validation, prototyping, and scale-up.

Applications & Use Cases

Where the platform applies.

The platform is suited to any problem where composition determines functionality and the relevant space is too large to navigate one material at a time. The following domains represent active and completed campaigns.

Electrochemistry
Water electrolysis catalysts

Activity-stability tradeoffs mapped across HEA composition space using the Scanning Droplet Cell. Published results across the Ni-Pd-Pt-Ru and Co-Fe-Ni systems.

Electrochemistry
CO2 electrolysis catalysts

Multi-element composition screening for CO2 reduction electrocatalysts. Completed campaigns with industrial customers in energy and specialty chemicals.

Coatings
Hard nitride coatings

Reactive co-sputtering of multi-element nitride systems. CrAlN and related transition metal nitride systems mapped by XRD phase analysis, plasma diagnostics, and nanoindentation.

Coatings
Functional optical coatings

Optical property mapping across multi-element composition gradients using UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy combined with 4-point probe electrical characterization.

Metal manufacturing
Alloy composition optimization

Systematic screening of multi-element alloy composition spaces with integrated structural and mechanical characterization.

Semiconductor
Diffusion barrier layers

Ternary and quaternary composition screening beyond binary TaN. 4-point probe resistivity and XRD phase mapping across the full composition gradient.

Magnetics
Rare-earth-free magnets

MOKE maps magnetic properties across all 342 composition points simultaneously, combined with XRD phase identification.

Electrochemistry
Bipolar plate coatings

Corrosion potential mapping via SDC and contact-resistance mapping via 4-point probe across multi-element composition gradients.

Technology Overview

Platform capabilities.

Integrating combinatorial PVD deposition system with automated characterization instruments. Every composition point in a campaign is measured directly.

Deposition Platform
Deposition method
Magnetron co-sputtering
Cathodes per run
Up to 7 elements simultaneously
Sputtering modes
DC, RF, pulsed DC, HiPIMS, reactive (N2, O2)
Material classes
Metals, alloys, nitrides, oxides
Wafer
100 mm, single campaign
Compositions per run
342 unique measurement points
Library geometry
Continuous lateral composition gradient
Elements available
37 across the periodic table
Campaign design
Bayesian optimization for iterative sub-space selection
Integrated Characterization
Automated XRD phase mapping
Crystal structure and phase identification at every composition point
EDX / WDX composition mapping
Quantitative elemental analysis across the full wafer
4-Point probe
Sheet resistance and electrical resistivity
Nanoindentation
Hardness and elastic modulus
Scanning Droplet Cell (SDC)
Operando electrochemical activity, stability, and corrosion at each composition point
UV-VIS reflectance spectroscopy
Optical property mapping
MOKE
Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect for magnetic property mapping

On the composition library: The 342 composition points per campaign result from a continuous lateral composition gradient inherent to the co-sputtering geometry, not separately controlled discrete depositions. For production of a single target composition, controlled uniform depositions are available following campaign-based identification.

Use Cases

Map catalyst composition regions before full electrochemical campaigns

Topics: Electrochemistry

For water electrolysis, fuel-cell, CO2 reduction, and other catalyst systems where activity and stability depend on composition.

Challenge

Exploring multielement catalyst spaces requires comparing activity, early stability, phase, and surface state across composition shifts that are easy to miss with isolated hand-made samples.

Solution

Creating catalyst thin-film libraries, measuring composition and structure, and adding localized electrochemical screening when the material question calls for it.

Impact

Multielement catalyst libraries; XRF or EDX/WDX; XRD; scanning droplet cell; SECCM; data-guided follow-up.

Active regions, weak regions, and compositions worth repeat testing are separated before deeper electrochemical work. The next catalyst experiment starts from a measured map.

Screen thin-film layer materials before device-stack integration

Topics: Coatings

For contacts, barriers, absorbers, conductors, dielectrics, and process-sensitive device layers.

Challenge

Selecting device-layer films requires balancing phase stability, resistivity, diffusion behavior, adhesion, thermal budget, morphology, and layer-stack compatibility before integration runs.

Solution

Building thin-film libraries across candidate compositions and process conditions, then mapping composition, XRD phase, electrical response, morphology, and scoped characterization outputs.

Impact

PVD co-sputtering; reactive sputtering; XRD; electrical mapping; morphology review; uniform test layers for stack-relevant follow-up.

Plausible film regions are identified before device builds or integration experiments. Materials that fail basic film-level constraints are removed earlier.

Explore multielement film spaces without one-sample-at-a-time screening

Topics: Magnetics

For magnetic alloys, high-entropy materials, complex alloys, and other multicomponent thin-film systems.

Challenge

Exploring multielement films means tracking phase formation, magnetic response, conductivity, microstructure, and process sensitivity across a large composition space.

Solution

Building multielement thin-film libraries, measuring registered composition points, and mapping structure and selected properties across the wafer.

Impact

Up to seven co-sputtered elements; composition gradients; XRF or EDX/WDX; XRD; magnetic or electrical screening where scoped; data-guided follow-up.

Useful material regions are highlighted for repeat samples, uniform films, device-adjacent tests, or deeper scientific evaluation. Isolated sample anecdotes become a measured map.

Narrow piezoelectric and acoustic film windows before resonator builds

Topics: Semiconductor

For RF acoustic, piezoelectric, dielectric, and resonator-relevant thin-film materials.

Challenge

Finding acoustic and piezoelectric film windows requires balancing composition, phase, texture, stress, thickness, microstructure, and process conditions before resonator-level builds.

Solution

Preparing thin-film libraries that vary composition and selected process variables, then mapping composition, XRD phase or texture, morphology, and scoped electrical or mechanical response.

Impact

Composition-spread films; process-window studies; XRD phase and texture; morphology review; electrical or mechanical screening; uniform film follow-up.

Plausible material and process windows are identified before device builds. Material-region questions are separated from later device-design and fabrication questions.

Map optical-electrical tradeoffs across real film variants

Topics: Coatings

For transparent conductors, absorbers, optical coatings, and photoelectrochemical films.

Challenge

Mapping optical and photoactive films requires comparing transmission, conductivity, bandgap, stability, phase, roughness, absorption, and process compatibility in the same material space.

Solution

Creating thin-film libraries with controlled composition or process variation, then measuring composition, XRD phase, optical response, electrical response, morphology, and selected surface behavior.

Impact

Transparent conductor libraries; absorber films; optical mapping; electrical mapping; XRD; photoelectrochemical follow-up where scoped.

Film regions are selected for transparent conductor tests, absorber follow-up, optical coating stacks, or photoelectrochemical validation. Broad tradeoff questions become measured candidate sets.

Narrow battery interface materials before cell builds

Topics: Electrochemistry

For electrode coatings, current collectors, interlayers, protective films, and electrolyte-facing surfaces.

Challenge

Finding stable battery interfaces means comparing impedance growth, degradation response, adhesion, side reactions, and surface chemistry before full-cell testing consumes the experiment budget.

Solution

Fabricating thin-film libraries across interface compositions or process conditions, then measuring composition, structure, electrical or electrochemical response, morphology, and surface change.

Impact

Interface-film libraries; current-collector coatings; localized electrochemistry; morphology checks; selected uniform follow-up layers.

Candidate interface regions, measured tradeoffs, and excluded areas become visible before cell-facing validation. Follow-up coatings or test layers can move into the next cell or stack experiment.

Find coating compositions that balance hardness, structure, and stability

Topics: Coatings

For nitride, oxide, alloy, and protective hard-coating systems.

Challenge

Developing hard coatings requires balancing hardness, modulus, oxidation resistance, adhesion, thermal stability, surface finish, and process fit across many possible compositions.

Solution

Fabricating composition-spread coating libraries and measuring composition, XRD phase, microstructure, hardness or modulus where scoped, and surface or thermal response.

Impact

Nitride and oxide libraries; reactive sputtering; XRD; nanoindentation; microscopy; uniform coating follow-up.

Specific coating compositions and process ranges are selected for coupon, wear, oxidation, adhesion, or production-format testing. Broad chemistry options become narrower validation inputs.

Screen conductive coatings before component-level corrosion testing

Topics: Metal manufacturing

For bipolar plates, current collectors, and protective conductive surfaces where corrosion response and contact resistance move together.

Challenge

Selecting corrosion-resistant conductive coatings requires low contact resistance, stable surface chemistry, and process-compatible layer formation before long component or stack tests.

Solution

Fabricating composition-spread coating libraries, measuring registered positions, and mapping composition, phase, corrosion response, surface change, and contact resistance.

Impact

Co-sputtered coating libraries; scanning droplet cell; four-point probe; XRD; surface analysis; uniform follow-up coatings.

Material regions are highlighted when corrosion resistance, conductivity, surface stability, and process fit appear together. Weak regions are excluded before coupon, hardware, stack, or field testing.

How it works

Combinatorial co-sputtering: Up to 7 elements are deposited simultaneously via magnetron sputtering in a single run. DC, RF, pulsed DC, HiPIMS, and reactive sputtering (N2, O2) are all available, covering metals, alloys, nitrides, and oxides. The composition varies continuously across the wafer, producing a laterally resolved library of 342 unique thin-film compositions.

Multi-element and high-entropy systems: The platform was built for composition spaces too large to navigate sequentially. Core operating domains include transition metal nitrides, high-entropy alloys, and multi-component oxides. Transition metals and their combinations form the primary operational range of the system.

Initial study or multi-round campaign: A campaign can be a single exploratory study or a multi-round program. The first run maps a slice of the composition space. Subsequent campaigns use property data from earlier runs to direct focus toward the most informative regions.

From composition map to prototype: Once a campaign identifies target compositions, controlled uniform depositions on flat or structured substrates are available for downstream validation and prototyping. Scale-up to production is handled via established manufacturing partners.

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